In an era where institutions come and go, a select few universities have stood the test of time, continuing to educate generations for over a millennium. These beacons of knowledge, rooted in history, remain vibrant centers of learning today. Here, we explore the five oldest universities in the world that are still conducting studies, shaping minds, and influencing global academia.
1. University of al-Qarawiyyin (Fez, Morocco) – Founded 859 CE
Recognized as the world’s oldest continuously operating university, the University of al-Qarawiyyin in Fez, Morocco, was founded in 859 CE by Fatima al-Fihri, a visionary woman who transformed her inheritance into a center of learning. Originally established as a mosque with an associated madrasa, it evolved into a university by 1963, integrating into Morocco’s modern state university system. Today, it hosts approximately 8,000–9,000 students, offering programs in Islamic studies, law, languages, and sciences. Its historic library, recently restored, houses ancient manuscripts, underscoring its enduring role in preserving knowledge.
2. University of Bologna (Bologna, Italy) – Founded 1088 CE
The University of Bologna, established in 1088, holds the title of the oldest university in Europe and the Western world. Known as the “Nourishing Mother of Studies,” it pioneered the concept of the modern university, introducing the term “universitas” and shaping academic freedom. Initially focused on civil law due to regional political conflicts, it now offers a diverse range of programs across multiple campuses, enrolling around 87,760 students, including 6,400 international students. Notable alumni include three popes and philosopher Umberto Eco.
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3. University of Oxford (Oxford, England) – Founded 1096 CE
The University of Oxford, with evidence of teaching dating back to 1096, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. A collegiate institution with 44 colleges and halls, it caters to nearly 25,000 students and operates the world’s largest university press. Renowned for academic excellence, Oxford has produced 28 UK Prime Ministers, 27 Nobel laureates, and figures like Sir Stephen Hawking. Its library system, holding over 13 million items, affirms its global stature. Oxford continues to innovate, blending tradition with cutting-edge research.
4. University of Salamanca (Salamanca, Spain) – Founded 1134 CE
Spain’s oldest university, the University of Salamanca, was founded in 1134 and received its royal charter in 1218. Often called the “Oxford of Spain,” it played a pivotal role during the Renaissance, notably as the institution where Christopher Columbus sought support for his Indies expedition. Today, it serves around 30,000 students across nine campuses, excelling in humanities, language studies, and archaeology. Its ornate plateresque façade enhances its appeal, drawing 4,000 foreign language learners annually.
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5. University of Paris (Paris, France) – Founded c. 1150 CE
The University of Paris, often called La Sorbonne, was established around 1150 and became a medieval powerhouse for theology and philosophy. Despite a suspension from 1793 to 1896 due to the French Revolution, it restructured in 1970 into 13 autonomous institutions, with Sorbonne University and Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne being the most prominent. Enrolling over 60,000 students annually, it offers diverse programs and boasts alumni like Marie Curie and Louis Pasteur. Its historic role in introducing doctoral degrees continues to influence global academia.
A Legacy of Resilience and Adaptation
These universities, spanning Africa and Europe, have not only survived centuries of political, social, and technological upheaval but have thrived by adapting to modern demands. From al-Qarawiyyin’s Islamic scholarship to Oxford’s global research dominance, each institution reflects a unique blend of tradition and innovation. Their ability to evolve—integrating new technologies, expanding curricula, and welcoming diverse student bodies—ensures their relevance in the 21st century.
For students seeking a connection to history while pursuing world-class education, these universities offer an unparalleled experience. Their campuses are living museums where past and present converge. As they continue to shape global education, these institutions stand as testaments to the enduring power of knowledge.