What Is the JCPOA?
The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), signed in 2015, was a landmark agreement between Iran and six world powers (the U.S., UK, France, Germany, Russia, and China) to curb Iran’s nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief. Designed to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons, the deal capped uranium enrichment at 3.67%, limited its stockpile to 300 kg, and allowed rigorous inspections by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). But its journey—from hope to collapse—has shaped today’s tense nuclear diplomacy.
Origins of the Deal
Iran’s nuclear ambitions date back decades, but alarm grew in the early 2000s when undeclared nuclear sites were revealed. Western fears of a nuclear-armed Iran led to crippling sanctions that devastated Iran’s economy. After years of negotiations, the JCPOA emerged under President Hassan Rouhani and U.S. President Barack Obama, hailed as a diplomatic triumph. By 2016, Iran complied, reducing its centrifuges and uranium stockpile, while sanctions were lifted, boosting its oil exports.
The Collapse: Trump’s Withdrawal
In 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump withdrew from the JCPOA, calling it a “horrible” deal. The U.S. reimposed sanctions, targeting Iran’s oil and banking sectors. Iran initially adhered to the deal, but by 2019, it began breaching limits, enriching uranium to 20% and later 60%—near weapons-grade levels. The IAEA reported Iran’s stockpile grew to 9,247.6 kg by May 2025, far exceeding the 300 kg cap, escalating global concerns.
Must Read: Iran’s Uranium Surge Sparks Global Alarm: Is a Nuclear Crisis Looming?
Current State of Nuclear Diplomacy
Efforts to revive the JCPOA have faltered. Iran demands sanctions relief, while the U.S. and Europe seek stronger restrictions. The IAEA’s May 2025 report, noting Iran’s 408.6 kg of 60% enriched uranium, has intensified fears, as 42 kg could theoretically produce a bomb if further enriched. Upcoming talks in Rome face hurdles, with Iran barring inspectors and the U.S. threatening airstrikes. European powers may trigger the JCPOA’s “snapback” sanctions, risking further escalation.
Why It Matters
The JCPOA’s collapse has fueled a cycle of mistrust, economic hardship for Iranians, and fears of a Middle East arms race. On X, users voice frustration: “Sanctions hurt us, not the regime,” one Iranian posted. Diplomacy remains the best path to avoid conflict, but time is running out. The Interview Times will track these talks and their global impact.